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While many volunteered simply for adventure, Stuart loyalism played a part, as did attempts by Charles to follow his predecessors in appealing to disenfranchised groups in general, whether religious or political. [33] The northeastern ports in particular provided significant numbers; by some estimates, up to a quarter of the adult male population of Montrose saw Jacobite service. [29] Long after the Rising was over, the region continued to feature in Government reports as a centre of Jacobite 'disaffection', with the shipmasters of Montrose, Stonehive, Peterhead and other ports involved in a two-way traffic of exiles and recruits for French service. [29] Mitchison, Rosalind (1983). Lordship to Patronage: Scotland, 1603-1745 (New History of Scotland) (1990ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p.66. ISBN 978-0748602339.

Charles left France on 15 July aboard Du Teillay, supplies and 70 volunteers from the Irish Brigade transported by Elizabeth, an elderly 64-gun warship. Four days out, they were intercepted by HMS Lion which engaged Elizabeth; after a four hour battle, both were forced to return to port, while Du Teillay continued to Eriskay. [2] This meant Charles arrived with few weapons, accompanied only by the " Seven Men of Moidart," among them the elderly Marquess of Tullibardine and John O'Sullivan, an Irish-born officer in the French army. [3] He was speaking in English; most of the clansmen would have spoken Scots Gaelic, so his words were translated. It’s possible that the translator was the bard Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, or Alexander MacDonald, whose poetry inciting the clans to rise for King James was widely circulated long before Charles set foot on the Doutelle. He may even have sung his welcome song Tearlach Mac Sheumais (Charles son of James) during that afternoon. Alasdair, who had lived with his family at Dalilea for the past few months, was to be Charles’s Gaelic tutor.

The Forty-five

Behre, Goran "Sweden and the Rising of 1745", The Scottish Historical Review, v.51, 152 part 2 (Oct 1972), 149 Built around a nucleus of 200 of Perth's tenants from the Crieff area, this large regiment at various times included Highland, Lowland and English companies, the last of which went to form the basis of the Manchester Regiment, along with 'deserters' recruited after Prestonpans. It temporarily received a second battalion raised in Aberdeen and Banffshire and was 750 strong during the invasion of England; several companies were left at Carlisle. The regiment was not at Falkirk, but 200 men fought at Culloden; as Perth was commanding the Jacobite left it was led by his relative the Master of Strathallan. [87]

Riding, Jacqueline (2016). Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1408819128. In a small barn at the head of Loch Shiel a tall young man was waiting. Charles Edward Stuart (Prince Charles to his followers, ‘the Pretender’s son’ to his enemies, Bonnie Prince Charlie in gift shops) had spent the weeks since he landed in Scotland on 23 July, 1745, summoning, persuading, charming the clan chiefs he expected support from to meet him at Glenfinnan “one hour after noon” on the 19th. Viscount Strathallan was appointed commander in Scotland and continued recruiting, while the field army of roughly 5,500 invaded England in early November. [19] Command was split between the three lieutenant-generals: Murray, Tullibardine, and James Drummond, titular Duke of Perth. In theory, the three rotated command on a daily basis, but Tullibardine's poor health and Perth's inexperience meant in practice it was exercised by Murray. [20]Despite this, many Jacobites were Protestant Lowlanders, rather than the Catholic, Gaelic-speaking Highlanders of legend. [96] By 1745, fewer than 1% of Scots were Catholic, restricted to the far north-west and a few noble families. [97] The majority of the rank and file, as well as many Jacobite leaders, belonged to Protestant Episcopalian congregations. [98] Throughout the 17th century, the close connection between Scottish politics and religion meant changes of regime were accompanied by the losers being expelled from the kirk. In 1690, over 200 clergy lost their positions, mostly in Aberdeenshire and Banffshire, a strongly Episcopalian area since the 1620s. In 1745, around 25% of Jacobite recruits came from this part of the country. [99] The ensign used aboard ships of the Scottish Government, such as the patrol boats of Marine Scotland [ citation needed] Kirkcudbrightshire Flag | Free official image and info | UK Flag Registry". The Flag Institute . Retrieved 22 May 2022.

O'Sullivan created an army organised along conventional European lines and his use of the then-novel divisional structure is viewed as a major factor in the Jacobites' speed of movement. [8] Further recruits came in as they marched on Edinburgh; by the time of Prestonpans on 21 September, numbers had increased to around 2,500. [9] Combined with Jacobite rhetoric and symbolism among rapparees or bandits, some historians claim this provides evidence of continuing popular support for a Stuart restoration. [75] Other however argue that it is hard to discern "how far rhetorical Jacobitism reflected support for the Stuarts, as opposed to discontent with the status quo". [76] Nevertheless, fears of resurgent Catholic Jacobitism among the ruling Protestant minority meant anti-Catholic Penal Laws remained in place for most of the eighteenth century. [77] Traditional Whig historiography viewed Jacobitism as marginal to the progression towards present-day Parliamentary democracy, taking the view that as it was defeated, it could never have won. [135] Representing "pre-industrial paternalism" and "mystical loyalism" against forward-thinking individualism, this conception of Jacobitism was reinforced by Macaulay's stereotype of the typical "Tory-Jacobite squire" as a "bigoted, ignorant, drunken philistine". [135]Duffy, Christopher (2003). The '45: Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Untold Story of the Jacobite Rising. Orion. ISBN 978-0304355259. Red, with a blue Nordic Cross outlined in yellow that extends to the edges of the flag. The colours from the Royal Standards of Scotland and of Norway and the Flag of Scotland. [7] Seton (1928), p.303. Burnet was captured, sentenced to death, then reprieved and exiled; he later returned to Scotland. Maclachlan, the Jacobites' Commissary-General, raised a battalion in Argyll and arrived at Holyrood in September, where he was joined by a company under John Maclean of Kingairloch. The battalion was first organised as part of the Atholl Brigade, but in March 1746 was formed into a separate regiment with a newly-raised contingent from Morvern led by Drimnin, who became Lieutenant-Colonel. In this form it fought at Culloden where it suffered heavy casualties. [78] The Standard of Prince Harry, namely the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom used in Scotland, defaced with a label of five points, the first, centre and fifth points bearing a red scallop.