Cast Iron Gardeners Keys by Gardman

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Some openwork handles have separately made iron stems and bits (see illustration above) but others, mainly smaller, have integral copper-alloy stems and bits (see illustration below). Note that in some cases (such as SF-491826 on the left below) the bit projects at right angles to the handle. Left: three Roman keys with openwork handles and integral copper-alloy stems and bits (left, SF-491826 ; right above, ESS-DB9F01; right below, DOR-038704). Right: a variety of shapes of openwork handles (left, WILT-8FF132 (above) and BERK-3259FE (below); centre, NMS-D6C4D9 (above) and NMS-F4BE10 (below); right, YORYM-FAA017. The bows are usually lozengiform or quatrefoil, sometimes circular. They can just consist of a frame, but often also have openwork designs internally or knops and mouldings externally. A selection of London type VI keys with simple frame bows. Left above, with circular bow ( PUBLIC-EC6B52). Left below, with animal heads on oval bow ( SWYOR-BAAD16). Centre above, simple quatrefoil bow ( DUR-35683A). Centre below, elaborate quatrefoil bow ( KENT-74B0E0). Right, two lozenge bows ( IOW-193174 above and KENT-7C0F84 below). Note how useful it is to photograph the hollow end of the bow. Those shown below are all of Manning’s type 2 slide keys ( Manning 1985, 93); examples of Manning type 1 (with a longer, L-shaped or curved bit) have apparently not yet been recorded on the PAS database.Goodall defines these as having the bit ‘set laterally’ to the stem; in other words, the bit is attached to the stem by its edge. Type A keys are not particularly common, and are given a wide date-range by Goodall from early-medieval to post-medieval; the examples from Winchester (all of iron) date to the 10th to 15th centuries (Goodall in Biddle 1990, 1006). Bows with a pair of internal projections are confined to the post-medieval period. Later post-medieval keys often had the bow shaped internally to a slight figure-of-eight form, as if they were intended for use with two fingers.

Both Winchester type 3 and type 4 keys have hollow ends to the stem, but are defined by the way in which they are forged. Winchester type 3 keys (London type II) are rolled out of a single piece of metal; in Winchester type 4 keys (London type III), the bit is made separately and welded on. Winchester type 5 keys – with deeply split stemMost of the keys recorded on the PAS database are made from copper alloy, but most excavated keys (and probably most keys in use in the past) are made from iron. Keys of the two materials seem to be surprisingly different, and we should not assume that what holds for iron keys is also true for copper alloy keys. In November 2018, Kingston announced that the IronKey had new features and was now FIPS 140-2 Level 3 certified. [13]