The German armed forces adopted it as a filling for artillery shells in 1902. TNT-filled armour-piercing shells would explode after they had penetrated the armour of British capital ships, whereas the British Lyddite-filled shells tended to explode upon striking armour, thus expending much of their energy outside the ship. [8] The British started replacing Lyddite with TNT in 1907. [9] See also: TNT equivalent Cross-sectional view of Oerlikon 20 mm cannon shells (dating from c. 1945) showing color codes for TNT and pentolite fillings

Compared to other explosives, TNT has a higher association constant with soil, meaning it adheres more with soil than with water. Conversely, other explosives, such as RDX and HMX with low association constants (ranging from 0.06 to 7.3 L/kg and 0 to 1.6 L/kg respectively) can move more rapidly in water. [36] Chemical breakdown [ edit ] TNT was first prepared in 1863 by German chemist Julius Wilbrand [6] and originally used as a yellow dye. Its potential as an explosive was not recognized for three decades, mainly because it was too difficult to detonate because it was less sensitive than alternatives. Its explosive properties were discovered in 1891 by another German chemist, Carl Häussermann. [7] TNT can be safely poured when liquid into shell cases, and is so insensitive that in 1910 it was exempted from the UK's Explosives Act 1875 and was not considered an explosive for the purposes of manufacture and storage. [8] a b c d e Pichte J (2012). "Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review". Applied and Environmental Soil Science. 2012: 1–33. doi: 10.1155/2012/617236. a b Esteve-Núñez A, Caballero A, Ramos JL (2001). "Biological degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 65 (3): 335–52, table of contents. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.65.3.335-352.2001. PMC 99030. PMID 11527999.The association constant for TNT with soil is 2.7 to 11 L/kg of soil. [40] This means that TNT has a one- to tenfold tendency to adhere to soil particulates than not when introduced into the soil. [36] Hydrogen bonding and ion exchange are two suggested mechanisms of adsorption between the nitro functional groups and soil colloids. Miller, J. S.; Johansen, R. T. (1976). "Fracturing Oil Shale with Explosives for In Situ Recovery" (PDF). Shale Oil, Tar Sand and Related Fuel Sources: 151. Bibcode: 1976sots.rept...98M. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2015. The heat of detonation utilized by NIST to define a tonne of TNT equivalent is 1000 cal/g or 1000 kcal/kg, 4.184 MJ/kg or 4.184 GJ/ton. [23] The energy density of TNT is used as a reference point for many other explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in equivalent kilotons (~4.184 terajoules or 4.184 TJ or 1.162 GWh) or megatons (~4.184 peta joules or 4.184 PJ or 1.162 TWh) of TNT. The heat of combustion however is 14.5 mega joules per kilogram or 14.5 MJ/kg or 4.027 kWh/kg, which requires that some of the carbon in TNT react with atmospheric oxygen, which does not occur in the initial event. [24] With only 173 calories, the Tequila and tonic is the smart choice when you want to imbibe, but are watching your waistline. Haderlein SB, Weissmahr KW, Schwarzenbach RP (January 1996). "Specific Adsorption of Nitroaromatic Explosives and Pesticides to Clay Minerals". Environmental Science & Technology. 30 (2): 612–622. Bibcode: 1996EnST...30..612H. doi: 10.1021/es9503701.

One of the few alcopops to survive the great alcopop cull and stagger into the next century. Bravo. Akhavan J (2004). The Chemistry of Explosives. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp.11–. ISBN 978-0-85404-640-9.

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Some military testing grounds are contaminated with wastewater from munitions programs, including contamination of surface and subsurface waters which may be colored pink because of the presence of TNT. Such contamination, called "pink water", may be difficult and expensive to remedy. [ citation needed] Wilbrand, J. (1863). "Notiz über Trinitrotoluol". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 128 (2): 178–179. doi: 10.1002/jlac.18631280206. Furman, David; Kosloff, Ronnie; Dubnikova, Faina; Zybin, Sergey V.; Goddard, William A.; Rom, Naomi; Hirshberg, Barak; Zeiri, Yehuda (6 March 2014). "Decomposition of Condensed Phase Energetic Materials: Interplay between Uni- and Bimolecular Mechanisms". Journal of the American Chemical Society. American Chemical Society (ACS). 136 (11): 4192–4200. doi: 10.1021/ja410020f. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 24495109. sắp xếp nguyên liệu một cách khoa học, thuận tiện cho việc sử dụng, bạn nên mua các loại khay, hộp đựng nguyên liệu chuyên dụng. Các hộp đựng hiện nay được cải tiến với dung tích lớn, có độ trong suốt để dễ nhận diện bằng mắt thường.

Grad, Paul (April 2013). "Quantum clusters serve as ultra-sensitive detectors". Chemical Engineering. Detonation of the 500-ton TNT explosive charge as part of Operation Sailor Hat in 1965. The passing blast-wave left a white water surface behind and a white condensation cloud is visible overhead. Douglas TA, Johnson L, Walsh M, Collins C (2009). "A time series investigation of the stability of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives in surface water samples at ambient temperature". Chemosphere. 76 (1): 1–8. Bibcode: 2009Chmsp..76....1D. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.050. PMID 19329139.Photolysis is a major process that impacts the transformation of energetic compounds. The alteration of a molecule in photolysis occurs by direct absorption of light energy or by the transfer of energy from a photosensitized compound. Phototransformation of TNT "results in the formation of nitrobenzenes, benzaldehydes, azodicarboxylic acids, and nitrophenols, as a result of the oxidation of methyl groups, reduction of nitro groups, and dimer formation." [36] a b c d e f Pennington JC, Brannon JM (February 2002). "Environmental fate of explosives". Thermochimica Acta. 384 (1–2): 163–172. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00801-2. Control of nitrogen oxides in feed nitric acid is very important because free nitrogen dioxide can result in oxidation of the methyl group of toluene. This reaction is highly exothermic and carries with it the risk of a runaway reaction leading to an explosion. [ citation needed] Adsorption is a measure of the distribution between soluble and sediment adsorbed contaminants following attainment of equilibrium. TNT and its transformation products are known to adsorb to surface soils and sediments, where they undergo reactive transformation or remained stored. [39] The movement or organic contaminants through soils is a function of their ability to associate with the mobile phase (water) and a stationary phase (soil). Materials that associate strongly with soils move slowly through soil.