Like most stories in science, the origin of the Big Bang has its roots in both theoretical and experimental/observational realms. On the theory side, Einstein put forth his general theory of relativity in 1915: a novel theory of gravity that sought to overthrow Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Although Einstein’s theory was far more intricate and complicated, it wasn’t long before the first exact solutions were found. Hawking, S. W.; Penrose, R. (1970), "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology", Proc. R. Soc. A, 314 (1519): 529–548, Bibcode: 1970RSPSA.314..529H, doi: 10.1098/rspa.1970.0021 (Free access.) One possible resolution to the Big Bang singularity is causal set theory. Under causal set theory, space-time is not a smooth continuum, as it is in GR, but rather made up of discrete chunks, named "space-time atoms." Since nothing can be smaller than one of these "atoms", singularities are impossible,Bruno Bento, a physicist studying this topic at the University of Liverpool in England, told Live Science. Examining the CMB also gives astronomers clues as to the composition of the universe. Researchers think most of the cosmos is made up of matter and energy that cannot be "sensed" with our conventional instruments, leading to the names " dark matter" and " dark energy." It is thought that only 5% of the universe is made up of matter such as planets, stars and galaxies. What are gravitational waves? Although the show itself didn't dive too much into actual science, the showrunners did hire UCLA astrophysicist David Saltzberg as a science consultant for the entire run of the show, according to Science magazine. Science consultants are often hired for sci-fi and science-related shows and movies to help keep certain aspects realistic.

Hubble images show the far-distant galaxy GN-z11 as it appeared shortly after the Big Bang. (Image credit: NASA)

The Big Bang theory, which assumes general relativity to be true, is the modern cosmological model of the history of the universe. It also contains a singularity. In the distant past, about 13.77 billion years ago, according to the Big Bang theory, the entire universe was compressed into an infinitely tiny point.

Using Big Bang models, it is possible to calculate the expected concentration of the isotopes helium-4 ( 4He), helium-3 ( 3He), deuterium ( 2H), and lithium-7 ( 7Li) in the universe as ratios to the amount of ordinary hydrogen. [34] The relative abundances depend on a single parameter, the ratio of photons to baryons. This value can be calculated independently from the detailed structure of CMB fluctuations. The ratios predicted (by mass, not by abundance) are about 0.25 for 4He:H, about 10 −3 for 2H:H, about 10 −4 for 3He:H, and about 10 −9 for 7Li:H. [34] Son became familiar with Segars in 2006, when he first met the then CEO of Arm, Warren East, and Segars was one of the firm’s first employees. At the time, Arm already enjoyed a dominant stake in the nascent mobile market. This fact alone impressed Son. He knew that mobiles would soon outperform PCs, and as a result the internet’s centre of gravity would move from desktops to the smartphone. Son envisaged that the low-power, high-processing architecture of the Arm microchips would be the centre of the future digital economy.Independent lines of evidence from Type Ia supernovae and the CMB imply that the universe today is dominated by a mysterious form of energy known as dark energy, which appears to homogeneously permeate all of space. Observations suggest that 73% of the total energy density of the present day universe is in this form. When the universe was very young it was likely infused with dark energy, but with everything closer together, gravity predominated, braking the expansion. Eventually, after billions of years of expansion, the declining density of matter relative to the density of dark energy allowed the expansion of the universe to begin to accelerate. [9] In that version of the future, SoftBank won’t be the next Google, the next Apple, or the next Microsoft – Son doesn’t believe that one brand or one business model could ever be capable of delivering the singularity. What will do so is what Son calls the “cluster of number ones” strategy: a SoftBank-led ecosystem of AI companies, spanning all industries from healthcare to transportation, from ride-hailing to robotics, a diversity that underpins the Vision Fund’s investment portfolio. Main article: Dark matter Chart shows the proportion of different components of the universe – about 95% is dark matter and dark energy.

In this context, it doesn't seem quite as preposterous as it should when somebody suggests using 3D printers (machines that build up objects layer by layer from a digital file) to print 3D printers, which can then print a pair of shoes. Or a house. Or dinner. "Actually, that's already happening," somebody else points out. But then 3D printers – and a prototype house made by extruding liquid concrete from a giant "printer" has indeed already been made – are just one of the Next Big Things coming down the line. We learn about dozens of them in the next two days. This is the "abundance": Diamandis's thesis is that we will soon enter a "post-scarcity" world. Forget peak oil. Who needs it when we have "15 terawatts of power from the sun hitting the earth every 15 minutes"? The challenge is simply harnessing it. "And we're getting better at that all the time." Populations of stars have been aging and evolving, so that distant galaxies (which are observed as they were in the early universe) appear very different from nearby galaxies (observed in a more recent state). Moreover, galaxies that formed relatively recently, appear markedly different from galaxies formed at similar distances but shortly after the Big Bang. These observations are strong arguments against the steady-state model. Observations of star formation, galaxy and quasar distributions and larger structures, agree well with Big Bang simulations of the formation of structure in the universe, and are helping to complete details of the theory. [104] [105] Primordial gas clouds Focal plane of BICEP2 telescope under a microscope – used to search for polarization in the CMB [106] [107] [108] [109] In 1921, Edward Kasner found a solution that described a matter-and-radiation-free universe that’s anisotropic: different in different directions. It's not just that this deters us from changing our own unsustainable behaviour, his critics point out; it's that, as Craig Venter says, this technology is also quite hard. And sometimes doesn't pan out as well as you'd hoped. When he gets up to speak, his microphone doesn't work. "And we're supposed to print out new life forms," he says.

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Many different versions of audio deepfake software are already commercially available, including versions from companies like Lyrebird (which needs just a one-minute recording to create a fake voice, albeit slightly halting and robot-like), Descript, Sonantic, and Veritone, to name just a few. After World War II, two distinct possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle's steady-state model, whereby new matter would be created as the universe seemed to expand. In this model the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. [71] The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced BBN [72] and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the CMB. [73] Ironically, it was Hoyle who coined the phrase that came to be applied to Lemaître's theory, referring to it as "this big bang idea" during a BBC Radio broadcast in March 1949. [48] [43] [notes 3] For a while, support was split between these two theories. Eventually, the observational evidence, most notably from radio source counts, began to favor Big Bang over steady state. The discovery and confirmation of the CMB in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. [74]

In the top panel, our modern universe has the same properties (including temperature) everywhere because they originated from a region possessing the same properties. In the middle panel, the space that could have had any arbitrary curvature is inflated to the point where we cannot observe any curvature today, solving the flatness problem. And in the bottom panel, pre-existing high-energy relics are inflated away, providing a solution to the high-energy relic problem. This is how inflation solves the three great puzzles that the Big Bang cannot account for on its own. ( Credit: E. Siegel/Beyond the Galaxy) Jason Steffens is an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Has the Big Bang Theory been proven? A conical singularity occurs when there is a point where the limit of some diffeomorphism invariant quantity does not exist or is infinite, in which case spacetime is not smooth at the point of the limit itself. Thus, spacetime looks like a cone around this point, where the singularity is located at the tip of the cone. The metric can be finite everywhere the coordinate system is used.The universe continued to decrease in density and fall in temperature, hence the typical energy of each particle was decreasing. Symmetry-breaking phase transitions put the fundamental forces of physics and the parameters of elementary particles into their present form, with the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force separating at about 10 −12 seconds. [28] [32] The relative abundances of light elements (He-4, He-3, Li-7, and Deuterium). These were formed during the era of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) in the first few minutes after the Big Bang. Their abundances show that the universe was really hot and really dense in the past (as opposed to the conditions when the CMB was formed, which was just regular hot and dense — there's about a factor of a million difference in temperature between when BBN occurred and when the CMB occurred). Is there any occurrence that contradicts the Big Bang Theory?